Anti-Phospho-ER-β: Polyclonal Estrogen Receptor-beta, Phospho-Ser87 |
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BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor (ER) family contains two members: ER-alpha and ER-beta. Both ER-alpha and ER-beta are normally present in the mammary gland and mediate the actions of estrogens. Due to alternative RNA splicing, several ER isoforms are known to exist. At least three ER-alpha and five ER-beta isoforms have been identified.1 ER-alpha and ER-beta show significant overall sequence homology, and both are composed of five domains. Through its estrogen-independent and estrogen-dependent activation domains (AF-1 and AF-2, respectively), ERs regulate transcription by recruiting coactivator proteins and interacting with general transcriptional machinery. ER-alpha and ER-beta have both overlapping and distinct biological functions and cellular distributions, regulate separate sets of genes, and can oppose each other's actions at some genes.2 ER-alpha appears to play a predominant role in cell proliferation, and ER-beta is suggested to be antiproliferative.3
In the absence of hormone, estrogen receptors are largely located in the cytosol. Hormone binding to the receptor triggers a number of events starting with migration of the receptor from the cytosol into the nucleus, dimerization of the receptor, and subsequently binding of the receptor dimer to specific sequences of DNA known as hormone response elements. The DNA/receptor complex then recruits other proteins which are responsible for the transcription of downstream DNA expression, resulting in a change in cell function. Phosphosphorylation of ERs at key amino acid residues is mediated by various signaling pathways, including the MAP kinase and Akt pathways, and play important roles in regulation of ER function. Phosphorylation of both Ser87 and Ser105 may be mediated by MAP kinase pathway activation, leading to the recruitment of SRC-1.4
REFERENCES
1. Nilsson, S. et al: Physiol Rev 81:1535–65, 2001.
2. Tremblay, G. B. et al: Mol Endocrinol. 11: 353-365, 1997.
3. Mathews, J & Gustafsson, J. A. : Mol. Interv. 3:281-92, 2003.
4. Tremblay, A. et al: Mol Cell 3, 513–519, 1999.
1. Nilsson, S. et al: Physiol Rev 81:1535–65, 2001.
2. Tremblay, G. B. et al: Mol Endocrinol. 11: 353-365, 1997.
3. Mathews, J & Gustafsson, J. A. : Mol. Interv. 3:281-92, 2003.
4. Tremblay, A. et al: Mol Cell 3, 513–519, 1999.
Products are for research use only. They are not intended for human, animal, or diagnostic applications.
Параметры
Cat.No.: | CC1019 |
Antigen: | An epitope surrounding and including Ser87 of human ER-beta sequence. |
Isotype: | Rabbit polyclonal IgG |
Species & predicted species cross- reactivity ( ): | Human, Mouse, Rat |
Applications & Suggested starting dilutions:* | WB 1:1000 IP n/d IHC (Paraffin) n/d ICC n/d FACS n/d |
Predicted Molecular Weight of protein: | 58 kDa |
Specificity/Sensitivity: | This antibody detects endogenous phospho-human, mouse and rat ER-beta proteins. |
Storage: | Store at -20°C, 4°C for frequent use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. |
*Optimal working dilutions must be determined by end user.
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